Tài liệu Anatomy pocket pdf

Börm
Bruckmeier
Publishing
pocket
Anatomy
Sander, Schwarz
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
130
6.1 General Facts
6.1.1 Regions of Dorsal Trunk Wall
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Occipital region (d 16)
2 Nuchal region/ posterior
cervical region
3 Vertebral region
4 Lateral cervical region
5 This is an area that has no
specific name. Here the
rhomboid muscles are
located.
6 Deltoid region
7 Scapular region
8 Infrascapular region
9 Lumbal region
10 Lumbar triangle
11 Sacral region
12 Anal region
13 Gluteal region
131Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
PDA Version on
6.2 Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
6.2.1 Superficial Musculature of Back
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Trapezius muscle
IN:Accessory nerve (XI)
O: Occipital bone, spinous
processes of the cervical and
thoracic vertebrae, nuchal
ligament
I: Clavicle, acromion, scapular
spine
F: The muscle is divided into
three parts: The superior,
middle and inferior part.
Each part has a different
direction of pull, depending
on the lever it acts upon
2 Deltoid muscle
IN:Axillary nerve
O: Clavicle, acromion and
scapular spine
I: Deltoid tuberosity of
humerus
F: Ad- and Abduction, medial
and lateral rotation,
swinging of the arm; the
muscular subdivisions exert
different actions, depending
on their location relative to
the pivoting point
3 Latissimus dorsi muscle
IN:Thoracodorsal nerve
O: Spinous processes of
thoracic and lumbar
vertebrae, sacral bone, iliac
crest, thoracolumbal fascia
I: Minor tubercular crest
F: Adduction, medial rotation
of humerus
www.
.com
media4u
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
132
xxz
6.2.2 Deep Musculature of Back I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Deltoid muscle (d 131)
2 Minor rhomboid muscle
IN:Dorsal scapular nerve
O: Spinous processes of C6 and C7
vertebrae
I: Medial border of scapula
F: Co-acts with the major
rhomboid muscle, to pull the
scapula towards the vertebral
column, thereby fixing it to the
thoracic wall
3 Major rhomboid muscle
IN:Same as minor rhomboid muscle
O: Spinous processes T1-T4
vertebrae
I: Caudal to the minor rhomboid
muscle at the medial scapular
margin
F: Same as minor rhomboid muscle
4 Trapezius muscle (severed)
5 Serratus posterior inferior (muscle)
6 Teres major (muscle) (d 218)
7 Lumbosacral aponeurosis
8 Latissimus dorsi (muscle) (d 131)
9 External oblique muscle of
abdomen (d 118)
133Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
PDA Version on
xxz
6.2.3 Deep Musculature of Back II
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Splenius capitis (muscle)
2 Levator scapulae (muscle)
3 Serratus posterior superior
(muscle)
IN:Ventral branches of C8-T4
O: Spinous processes of
C6-T2
I: Ribs II-V
F: Elevates the ribs II-V,
inspiration
4 Teres major (muscle)
IN:Subscapular nerves or
thoracodorsal nerve
O: Inferior angle and lateral
caudal border of scapula
I: Minor tubercular crest
F: Adduction and
medial rotation of arm
5 Serratus posterior inferior
(muscle)
IN:Branches of T11-L2
O: Spinous processes of
caudal thoracic and
cranial lumbar vertebrae
I: Ribs IX-XII
F: Depresses the ribs IX-XII,
antagonist of the
diaphragm
www.
.com
media4u
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
134
xxz
6.2.4 Serratus Anterior (Muscle)
.
.
.
1 Serratus anterior (muscle)
IN:Long thoracic nerve
O: Ribs I-IX, divided into
superior, middle and inferior
part
I: Superior angle, medial
border and inferior angle of
scapula; the muscle runs
ventral to the subscapular
muscle below the shoulder
blade; seen from the back
the sequence therefore
would be: Scapula –
subscapular muscle –
serratus anterior (muscle)
F: Rotation of the scapula
(important for arm
movement!), fixation of the
scapula, may also act as
accessory respiratory
muscle, together with the
rhomboid muscle it forms a
muscular sling (stability of
the trunk).
For better visualization, the figure shows the muscle insertions located on the ventral
side of the scapula, projected onto the dorsal side of the shoulder blade. The scapula
is quasi “transparent”.
135Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
PDA Version on
xxz
6.2.5 Autochthonous Musculature of Back
Straight system Angular system
Medial column Interspinal straight
system (d 137)
Interspinal muscles
Spinal muscle
Intertransverse muscle
Transversospinal angular
system (d 138)
Rotatores muscles
Multifidus muscle
Semispinal muscles
Lateral column Intertransversal
straight system (d 139)
Longissimus muscle
Iliocostalis muscle
Spinotransversal angular
system (d 140)
Splenius muscle
Those muscles of the back that are not shifted dorsally from other
locations during embryonic development, but instead remain at the site
of origin, are called autochthonous back muscles.
The muscle tracts that jointly form the erector muscle of spine, are
innervated by the dorsal branches of the spinal nerves
(d 95).
The remaining back muscles are innervated by the ventral branches.
The autochthonous back muscles support the vertebral column
through contraction, which builds up pressure within the osseofibrous
tunnel resulting in the stiffening of the skeletal axis. In addition it
participates in all vertebral column movements.
A classification of the autochthonous back muscles follows below:
www.
.com
media4u
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
136
xxz
6.2.6 Osseofibrous Tunnel
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Thoracolumbar fascia
(posterior layer)
2 Erector muscle of spine
with medial and lateral
column
3 Quadrate lumbar muscle
(d 206)
4 Transverse muscle
of abdomen (d 120)
5 Psoas muscle (d 206)
6 Thoracolumbar fascia
(middle layer)
Shown above is a transverse section depicting the autochthonous back musculature
within the osseofibrous tunnel. This tunnel is formed by the thoracolumbar fascia,
in conjunction with the spinous processes and ribs of the vertebrae. However, within
the thoracic area of the spine, the autochthonous muscle fiber tracts are also in
contact with the ribs.
The middle layer of the thoracolumbar fascia arises from the costal processes of the
lumbar vertebrae. It extends between the ventrolateral and autochthonous
musculature. From this layer the internal oblique and transverse muscle of abdomen
arise.
The posterior layer of the thoracolumbal fascia arises from the spinous processes, the
iliac crest and from the costal angles. It projects cranially and continues into the
nuchal fascia. The posterior and inferior serratus muscle and latissimus dorsi muscle
project from the posterior layer to reach their particular insertion points.
137Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
PDA Version on
xxzMedial Column – Straight System
6.2.7 Medial Column – Straight System
2a
1b
3a
3b
1c
1a
2b
3c
1 Spinalis (muscle) (skips at least 1 vertebra)
- Spinalis capitis (muscle) (1a): Runs from
the spinous processes of the caudal
cervical vertebrae to the superior nuchal
line
- Spinalis cervicis (muscle) (1b): Runs from
the spinous processes of the cranial
thoracic vertebrae to the spinous
processes of the medial cervical
vertebrae
- Spinalis thoracis (muscle) (1c): Runs from
the spinous processes of the cranial
lumbar vertebrae to the spinous
processes of the medial thoracic
vertebrae
2 Intertransverse muscle
Posterior cervical intertransverse
muscles (2a): Run between the
transverse
processes of adjacent cervical vertebrae
Medial lumbar intertransverse muscles
(2b): Run from the accessory processes of
a lumbar vertebra to the mamillary
processes of the next lumbar vertebra
below
3 Interspinal muscle
A distinction is drawn between: Cervical
(3a), thoracic (3b) and lumbar (3c)
interspinal muscles.
They run in pairs from the spinous
processes of a vertebra to the spinous
processes of the next adjacent vertebra
without skipping a segment. These
muscles are not present in the medial
thoracic area of the spine
www.
.com
media4u
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
138
xxz
6.2.8 Medial Column – Angular System
1a
1b
2
3
1c
1c 1c
3
2
1 Semispinalis muscle
(skips approximately 5 segments)
- Semispinalis capitis (muscle) (1a):
Runs from the transverse processes of
the caudal cervical and cranial
thoracic vertebrae to the superior and
inferior nuchal line
- Semispinalis cervicis (muscle) (1b):
Runs from the transverse processes of
the thoracic vertebrae to the spinous
processes of higher lying thoracic and
cervical vertebrae
- Semispinalis thoracis (muscle) (1c):
Runs from the transverse processes of
the lower thoracic vertebrae to the
spineous processes of the upper
thoracic vertebrae; 1b and 1c cannot
be distinguished from each other
2 Rotatores (muscles)
The rotatores muscles are located in
the cervical, thoracic and lumbar
areas. Distinguished are:
Rotatores brevis muscles, which run
between adjacent vertebrae, and
rotatores longus muscles, which skip
1 segment each time. Originating
from transverse processes, the
rotatores muscles project to higher
spinous processes
3 Multifidi muscles
(skip up to 3 segments)
The multifidi muscles run just as the
rotatores muscles, but skip a larger
number of vertebrae.
139Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
PDA Version on
xxz
6.2.9 Lateral Column – Straight System
1a
2a
1b
2b
1c
2c
1 Longissimus muscle (medial from 2)
- Longissimus capitis (muscle) (1a):
Projects from the transverse
processes of the cervical and
thoracic vertebrae to the mastoid
process
- Longissimus cervicis (muscle)
(1b): Projects from the transverse
processes of the thoracic vertebrae
to the transverse processes of the
cervical vertebrae
- Longissimus thoracis (muscle)
(1c): Projects from the sacral bone
and transverse processes of the
lumbar vertebrae to all ribs and to
the transverse processes of the
higher lying lumbar and thoracic
vertebrae
2 Iliocostalis (muscles)
- Iliocostalis cervicis (muscle) (2a):
Projects from the cranial ribs to the
transverse processes of the medial
cervical vertebrae
- Iliocostalis thoracis (muscle) (2b):
Projects from the lower ribs to the
upper ribs
- Iliocostalis lumborum (muscle)
(2c): Projects from the sacral bone
and the iliac crest to the caudal ribs
www.
.com
media4u
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
140
xxz
6.2.10 Lateral Column – Angular System
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Splenius capitis (muscle)
Runs from the spinous
processes of the cranial
thoracic and cervical
vertebrae to the mastoid
process. Bends and rotates
the head.
2 Splenius cervicis (muscle)
Runs from the spinous
processes of the cranial
thoracic vertebrae to the
transverse processes of the
atlas and axis. Bends and
rotates the cervical spine.
141Muscles, Vessels, Nerves
PDA Version on
xxz
6.2.11 Musculature of Back of Neck I
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Longissimus capitis
(muscle)
2 Splenius capitis (muscle)
(d 140)
3 Greater occipital nerve
(d 143)
4 Lesser occipital nerve
(d 40)
5 Trapezius muscle (d 131)
6 External jugular vein (d 17)
7 Levator muscle of scapula
IN:Dorsal nerve of scapula
O: Transverse processes
of the four cranial
cervical vertebrae
I: Superior angle of
scapula
F: Pulls the scapula
toward medial and
cranial
8 Lesser rhomboid muscle
(d 132)
9 Greater rhomboid muscle
(d 132)
10 Dorsal nerve of scapula
(d 35)
www.
.com
media4u
6. Dorsal Trunk Wall
142
xxz
6.2.12 Musculature of Back of Neck II
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 Splenius capitis (muscle) (d 140)
2 Longissimus capitis (muscle) (d 139)
3 Semispinalis capitis (muscle)
(d 138)
4 Rectus capitis posterior minor
(muscle)
IN:Suboccipital nerve
O: Posterior tubercle of atlas
I: Inferior nuchal line
F: Rotation and extension of the
head
5 Rectus capitis posterior major
(muscle)
IN:Suboccipital nerve
O: Spinous processes of axis
I: Inferior nuchal line
F: Same as No. 4
6 Longissimus capitis (muscle)
7 Semispinalis capitis (muscle)
8 Multifidi (muscles) (d 138)
9 Interspinales cervicis (muscles)
(d 137)
10 Semispinalis cervicis (muscles)
11 Supraspinal ligaments
12 Semispinalis thoracis (muscle)
13 Longissimus cervicis (muscle)
14 Iliocostalis cervicis (muscle)
The short muscles of back of neck consist of: Superior oblique muscle of head,
inferior oblique muscle of head, rectus capitis posterior minor (muscle), rectus capitis
posterior major (muscle) and rectus capitis lateralis (muscle).

Xem chi tiết: Tài liệu Anatomy pocket pdf